Net wealth is defined as the total value of real and financial assets minus the amount of household debt.
Debt is defined as the sum of the value of all mortgage loans and other loans taken out by households with financial institutions.
Housing wealth refers to the total value of residential real estate assets, located both within and outside the national territory.
Deposits refer to financial assets that households hold at financial institutions, including current accounts, savings deposits and time deposits. The main difference between these products is that while current accounts and savings deposits allow penalty-free instant access, time deposits require that the funds be maintained for a set period, usually in exchange for an agreed return.
Debt securities are negotiable financial instruments that document a promise by the issuer (borrower) to make one or more payments to the holder (lender) on specified future dates. They typically bear an interest rate (coupon) or are sold at a discount to the amount payable at maturity and do not confer any ownership rights in the issuing institutional unit.
Life insurance and annuity entitlements comprise the financial rights that life insurance policyholders and annuity beneficiaries have with the companies providing these products.
Business wealth comprises the value of self-employed businesses that are not legally separated from the household, as well as the value of holdings in unlisted firms, even if the household does not participate in their management.
Reference person is the individual who is most knowledgeable about the household’s finances and responds to the survey at the time of the interview.
Main residence refers to the dwelling that the household identifies as its primary place of residence at the time of the interview.
Employee refers to both part-time and full-time employees.
Unspecified employment or other refers to categories such as student, unable to work and homemaker, among others.
Retired includes all those who have retired, whether at the ordinary retirement age or earlier.
The Gini index is a measure of inequality ranging from 0 to 1, where 0 is perfect equality (all individuals have the same income) and 1 is perfect inequality (a single individual has all the income and the others have none). In this publication, it is calculated based on synthetic microeconomic data obtained through the DWA methodology, interpolated for periods where HFCS data are not available.
The “bottom 50%” group refers to the set of households that, when ordered from lowest to highest net wealth, lie within the first 50% of the total. The “Decile 6” group refers to the next 10% of households, and so on.
You can download the data from the links below:
- Net wealth and its components, undistributed
- Net wealth and its components, distributed by:
- Ratios and indicators
The Banco de España has elaborated its own methodological note, based on the original ECB methodological note, including details regarding the specific characteristics of Spanish data.
Other related information
- Alvargonzález, P., Asensio, M., Barceló, C., Bover, O., Cobreros, L., Crespo, L., El Amrani, N., García-Uribe, S., Gento, C., Gómez, M., Urcelay, P., Villanueva, E., & Vozmediano, E. (2024). “The Spanish Survey of Household Finances (EFF): description and methods of the 2020 wave”. Documentos Ocasionales, 2405, Banco de España. https://doi.org/10.53479/36089
- European Central Bank. (2020). “Understanding household wealth: linking macro and micro data to produce distributional financial accounts”. Statistics Paper Series No. 37. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpsps/ecb.sps37~433920127f.en.pdf
- European Central Bank. (2024). “Experimental Distributional Wealth Accounts (DWA) for the household sector: Methodological note”. European System of Central Banks. https://data.ecb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-01/DWA%20Methodological%20note_0.pdf
- Banco de España. (2024). “Financial Accounts of the Spanish Economy. Methodological note”. https://www.bde.es/webbe/en/estadisticas/compartido/docs/resumenmet_en.pdf
- Barceló, C. (2006). “Imputation of the 2002 wave of the Spanish Survey of Household Finances (EFF)”. Documentos Ocasionales, 0603, Banco de España. https://repositorio.bde.es/handle/123456789/6313
- Bover, O. (2004). “The Spanish Survey of Household Finances (EFF): description and methods of the 2002 wave”. Documentos Ocasionales, 0409, Banco de España. https://repositorio.bde.es/handle/123456789/6302
- Bover, O., Crespo, L., García-Uribe, S., Gómez-García, M., Urcelay, P., & Velilla, P. (2024). “Micro and macro data on household wealth, income and expenditure: comparing the Spanish Survey of Household Finances (EFF) to other statistical sources”. Documentos Ocasionales, 2407, Banco de España. https://doi.org/10.53479/36212
- Cobreros, L., García-Uribe, S., & Gómez-García, M. (2023). “Distributional accounts: a tool for monitoring the distribution of household wealth and debt components”. Economic Bulletin - Banco de España, 2023/Q4 02. https://doi.org/10.53479/33812
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2024). “Methodological Note on Balance Sheets for Non-financial Assets”. https://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/cne15/nota_meto_bal_en.pdf
